The Moche Culture, Guide to the History and Archaeology

The Moche culture (ca. AD 100-750) was a South American society, with cities, temples, canals, and farmsteads located along the arid coast in a narrow strip between the Pacific Ocean and the Andes mountains of Peru. The Moche or Mochica are perhaps best known for their ceramic art: their pots include life-sized portrait heads of individuals and three-dimensional representations of animals and people. Many of these pots, looted long ago from Moche sites, can be found in museums throughout the world: not much more about the context from where they were stolen is known. Moche art is also reflected in polychrome and/or three-dimensional murals made of plastered clay on their public buildings, some of which are open to visitors. These murals depict a wide range of figures and themes, including warriors and their prisoners, priests and supernatural beings. Studied in detail, the murals and decorated ceramics reveal much about the ritual behaviors of the Moche, such as the Warrior Narrative. Moche Chronology Scholars have come to recognize two autonomous geographic regions for the Moche, separated by the Paijan desert in Peru. They had separate rulers  with the capital of the Northern Moche at Sipà ¡n, and that of the Southern Moche at the Huacas de Moche. The two regions have slightly different chronologies and have some variations in material culture. Early Intermediate (AD 100-550) North: Early and Middle Moche; South: Moche Phase I-IIIMiddle Horizon (AD 550-950) N: Late Moche A, B, and C; S: Moche Phase IV-V, Pre-Chimu or CasmaLate Intermediate (AD 950-1200) N: Sican; S: Chimu Moche Politics and Economy The Moche were a stratified society with a powerful elite and an elaborate, well-codified ritual process. The political economy was based on the presence of large civic-ceremonial centers that produced a wide range of goods which were marketed to rural agrarian villages. The villages, in turn, supported the city centers by producing a wide range of cultivated crops. Prestige goods created in the urban centers were distributed to rural leaders to support their power and control over those parts of society. During the Middle Moche period (ca AD 300-400), the Moche polity was split into two autonomous spheres divided by the Paijan Desert. The Northern Moche capital was at Sipan; the southern at the Huacas de Moche, where the Huaca de la Luna and Huaca del Sol are the anchor pyramids. The ability to control water, particularly in the face of droughts and extreme rainfall and flooding resulting from the El Nià ±o Southern Oscillation drove much of the Moche economics and political strategies. The Moche built an extensive network of canals to increase agricultural productivity in their regions. Corn, beans, squash, avocado, guavas, chili peppers, and beans were grown by the Moche people; they domesticated llamas, guinea pigs, and ducks. They also fished and hunted plants and animals in the region, and traded lapis lazuli and spondylus shell objects from long distances. The Moche were expert weavers, and metallurgists used lost wax casting and cold hammering techniques to work gold, silver, and copper. While the Moche did not leave a written record (they may have used the quipu recording technique that we have yet to decipher), the Moche ritual contexts and their daily lives are known because of excavations and detailed study of their ceramic, sculptural and mural art. Moche Architecture In addition to the canals and aqueducts, architectural elements of Moche society included large monumental pyramid-shaped architecture called huacas  which were apparently partly temples, palaces, administrative centers, and ritual meeting places. The huacas were large platform mounds, built of thousands of adobe bricks, and some of them towered hundreds of feet above the valley floor. On top of the tallest platforms were large patios, rooms and corridors, and a high bench for the seat of the ruler. Most of the Moche centers had two huacas, one larger than the other. Between the two huacas could be found the Moche cities, including cemeteries, residential compounds, storage facilities and craft workshops. Some planning of the centers is evident, since the layout of the Moche centers are very similar, and organized along streets. Ordinary people at Moche sites lived in rectangular adobe-brick compounds, where several families resided. Within the compounds were rooms used for living and sleeping, craft workshops, and storage facilities. Houses at Moche sites are generally made of well-standardized adobe brick. Some case of shaped stone foundations are known in hill slope locations: these shaped stone structures  may be of higher status individuals, although more work needs to be completed. Moche Burials A wide range of burial types are evidenced in Moche society, roughly based on the social rank of the deceased.  Several elite burials  have been found at  Moche sites, such as  Sipà ¡n, San Josà © de Moro, Dos Cabezas, La Mina and Ucupe in the Zana Valley. These elaborate burials include a considerable quantity of grave goods  and are often highly stylized. Often copper artifacts are found in the mouth, hands and under the feet of the interred individual. Generally, the corpse was prepared and placed in a coffin made of canes. The body is buried lying on its back in a fully-extended position, head to the south, upper limbs extended. Burial chambers range from an underground room made of adobe brick, a simple pit burial or a boot tomb.  Grave goods  are always present, including personal artifacts. Other mortuary practices include delayed burials, grave reopenings and secondary offerings of human remains. Moche Violence Evidence that violence was a significant part of Moche society was first identified in ceramic and mural art. Images of warriors in battle, ​decapitations, and sacrifices were originally believed to have been ritual enactments, at least in part, but recent archaeological investigations have revealed that some of the scenes were realistic portrayals of events in Moche society. In particular, bodies of victims have been found at  Huaca de la Luna, some of which were dismembered or decapitated and some were clearly sacrificed during episodes of torrential rains. Genetic data support the identification of these individuals as enemy combatants. History of Moche Archaeology The Moche were first recognized as a distinct cultural phenomenon by archaeologist  Max Uhle, who studied the site of Moche in the early decades of the 20th century. The  Moche civilization  is also associated with Rafael Larco Hoyle, the father of  Moche archaeology who proposed the first relative chronology based on ceramics. Sources A photo essay on the  recent excavations at Sipan  has been constructed, which includes some detail concerning the ritual sacrifices and burials undertaken by the Moche. Chapdelaine, Claude. Recent Advances in Moche Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Research, Volume 19, Issue 2, SpringerLink, June 2011. Donnan CB. 2010. Moche State Religion: A Unifying Force in Moche Political Organization. In: Quilter J, and Castillo LJ, editors.  New Perspectives on Moche Political Organization. Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks. p 47-49. Donnan CB. 2004.  Moche Portraits from Ancient Peru. University of Texas Press: Austin. Huchet JB, and Greenberg B. 2010.  Flies, Mochicas and burial practices: a case study from Huaca de la Luna, Peru.  Journal of Archaeological Science  37(11):2846-2856. Jackson MA. 2004. The Chimà º Sculptures of Huacas Tacaynamo and El Dragon, Moche Valley, Peru.  Latin American Antiquity  15(3):298-322. Sutter RC, and Cortez RJ. 2005. The Nature of Moche Human Sacrifice: A Bio-Archaeological Perspective.  Current Anthropology  46(4):521-550. Sutter RC, and Verano JW. 2007.  Biodistance analysis of the Moche sacrificial victims from Huaca de la Luna plaza 3C: Matrix method test of their origins.  American Journal of Physical Anthropology  132(2):193-206. Swenson E. 2011.  Stagecraft and the Politics of Spectacle in Ancient Peru.  Cambridge Archaeological Journal  21(02):283-313. Weismantel M. 2004. Moche sex pots: Reproduction and temporality in ancient South America.  American Anthropologist  106(3):495-505.

General Theory Of Crime And Delinquency - 919 Words

General Theory of Crime and Delinquency Many theories exist including biological, psychological, and sociological theories that have been proposed by many criminologists in the criminal justice field and have been closely studied by people (Agnew, Cullen, Wilcox, 2004). Most theories are proposed at the micro level meaning it tries to explain the criminal behavior of individuals and some are proposed at the macro level which tries to explain the crime rates in social groups, meaning micro focuses on individuals and macro focuses on groups (Agnew et al., 2004). When something gets integrated it means something is being mixed together and may form one idea when those items get put together. Messner heavily discusses integrated theories which he describes as being theories that are integrated or mixed to formulate relationships that list different variables from different theories (Krohn, Liska, Messner, 1989). The integrated theory seeks to describe the relationships between differ ent theories and integrating them into one by gathering all the facts and information from several theories with different strategies being used to integrate theories. (Krohn et al., 1989). General theory of crime and delinquency focuses on how certain risk factors have an effect on crime, answers why criminals offend, describes how crime occurs when constraints are low and when motivation from crime is high and how certain life domains have reciprocal effects. One of the most leadingShow MoreRelatedDifference Between Integrated Theory And Holistic Theory1200 Words   |  5 PagesAn integrated theory merges concepts, but it does not attempt to explain all criminal behavior from different concepts or assumptions. 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Impact of Media on the People of Pakistan - 1347 Words

In the late 20th Century, mass media could be classified into eight mass media industries: books, newspapers, magazines, recordings, radio, movies, television and the internet. With the explosion of digital communication technology in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the question of what forms of media should be classified as mass media has become more prominent. For example, it is controversial whether to include cell phones, video games and computer games (such as MMORPGs) in the definition. In the 2000s, a classification called the seven mass media became popular. In order of introduction, they are: 1. Print (books, pamphlets, newspapers, magazines, etc.) from the late 15th century 2. Recordings (gramophone records,†¦show more content†¦This transmittion of mass advertising to millions of people is a form of mass communication. Video games may also be evolving into a mass medium. Video games convey the same messages and ideologies to all their users users. Users sometimes share the experience with each other by playing online. Excluding the internet however, it is questionable whether players of video games are sharing a common experience when they play the game separately. It is possible to discuss in great detail the events of a video game with a friend you have never played with because the experience was identical to you both. The question is if this is then a form of mass communication. MMORPGS such as Runescape provide a common gaming experience to millions of users throughout the globe. It is arguable that the users are receiving the same message, i.e., the game is mass communicating the same messages to the various players. A life without the presence of mass media would seem improbable for many! Lets read about the pros and cons of mass media and its effect on a larger scale. Mass media enjoys a very prominent role in our lives. There are various effects of mass media on the society at large. 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The Trojan War A Great Battle Between The Greek And...

The Trojan War By Jessie Impey The Trojan War was a great battle between the Greek and Trojan army. Many lives were lost due to this tragic event. Some say that the marriage of Peleus and Thetis started, â€Å"rolling effect,† of issues that lead to the war. The young couple decided to not invite Eris, the goddess of discord and strife. It was quite rude, for them to not invite my daughter but in their defense she can cause a lot of issues. Eris became outraged, when she was not invited. For her revenge, she crashed the wedding and brought a golden apple. Eris states, â€Å"that the fairest goddess shall obtain the golden apple.† I Hera, Queen of the Gods, thought I deserved that golden apple since I indeed am the fairest god. Unfortunately, Athena and Aphrodite though they deserved the apple. To solve this issue, Athena, Aphrodite and I traveled to see Paris, son of Priam and Prince of Troy. We all agreed, that Paris will be the judge of our fairness and the winner shall receive the golden apple. I should have no that this competition of beauty should cause issues but my arrogance got the best of me. To ensure my victory, I promised the Prince immense power, which he somehow declined. Instead of power, he choose Aphrodite’s offer. Prince wanted to marry the most beautiful women in the world, who at the time was already married to Menelaus. Aphrodite received the golden apple and Paris was sent to go woo, Helen. This deal between Aphrodite and Paris was one of the main reasons thatShow MoreRelatedThe war between the Trojans and the Achaeans, which resulted in the Fall of Troy1084 Words   |  5 PagesA war is a behavior patterned of organized violent conflict, which the causes are extreme aggression, societal disruption and high mortality. It involves two or more groups which has found a conflict which may not be resolved, only through war. 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Virgil intended for their stories to share similar themes and plots because he truly admired Homer’s works he eventually adopted the Homeric style in his own writing. Despite having great battles and bloodshed, Virgil drew parallels to Homer’s works with the heroes and their fates, the men started wars over a woman, the different prophecies, and other connections between â€Å"The Iliad† and â€Å"The Aeneid.† â€Å"The Aeneid† and â€Å"The Iliad†

Campus Couture Free Essays

string(131) " in as many years due partially to increased commodity, labor, and shipping costs, as well as markups associated with name brands\." Essentially, this will work by Campus COUtUre purchasing pieces from designers and other local and international retailers, and offering it as a rental service to our clientele. Campus Couture allows its members to search dresses by new arrivals, size, color, style, or price. We aim to offer rental services for women to attend date nights, cocktail parties, and formal events idyllically for the Western Community. We will write a custom essay sample on Campus Couture or any similar topic only for you Order Now Campus Couture, Inc. Was incorporated in 201 2 and is based in London, Ontario (Exhibit 1). 1. Goals and Objectives: The initial goal of Campus Couture is to present our aggregate research and analysis to generate confidence in our business model and its feasibility. Establish a Presence Within the Campus Community: Establish a consistent base of users that rely on Campus Couture’s site for their semi-formal and formal wear Establish ourselves are the forerunners in designer wear for the targeted consumers Minimize Start-Up Costs: From an operations standpoint, we strive to minimize start-up costs and maximize our customer-base in the first fiscal year, while generating a constant stream of profit in later periods. Promote Website Traffic: By increasing awareness about Campus Couture, we aim to capture 15% of Westerns female population to become active members of Campus Couture, Inc. By the end of our first year of operations (Exhibit 2) Financial: Usually negative cash from operations is risky, however sometimes is necessary to get the business afloat. Breakable by the end of 2nd fiscal year. Personal Goals: $1 5,000 in drawings by the Second Fiscal Year End (2013-2014) Drawings for Campus COUtUre Board of Directors at 70% Of net income by 3rd fiscal year-end Work part-time; between 5-8 hours per week 1. Key Success Factors: Successful Market Penetration: Initial market penetration is vital for our business to prosper. As a consequence of our generally unfamiliar business concept, our marketing practices must be well-planned and innovative in order to win over our customer base. Due to the influence of word-of-mouth and social media activity amongst our target demographic, we believe that once this initial base is established, we can expect a steady increase in customer base moving forward. Trendiest and Affordability: Trendiest and affordability are key determinants of Campus Couture’s success, as today’s youth wants to maintain a fashionable image without the substantial expenditures associated with purchasing an outfit. Campus Couture aims to keep its product offerings current and updated adhering to the latest fashion trends. Furthermore, each rental will be a fraction of the retail cost of the dress, meaning that Campus Couture will be a practical alternative. Affordability is the keystone to our business model, and it is imperative that it is maintained. Our price model is based off of the number of times we expect each dress to be rented, thus increasing the customer base and the number of rentals. We can expect to increase inventory, while driving down rental rates in the future. 1. 4 Corporate Capabilities: Strengths: Campus Couture adheres to a unique business model and can take definitive strides to provide our members a vast selection of dresses that cater to our students and young professionals. Campus Couture has skilled personnel that are capable of handling the daily operations and logistics involved with running a rental service. They have unrivaled insight into our target market as we are Western students representing other Western students. The use of social media technology has provided Campus Couture direct access to the target market, making us trendsetters for the rising trend in economical pending habits in this post-recession era. Weaknesses: Campus Couture has limited funds, inventory and connections to the fashion industry. This makes our company more vulnerable to our competitors who possess extensive fashion expertise and large capital allowances for advertising. Our business also has the unique task of having to overcome the negative stigma attached to renting apparel. As well, the business’s success is heavily reliant on keeping up with the latest trends and appealing to the young female’s fashion needs/style. A strong marketing campaign and commitment to Campus Couture’s business objectives will hopefully overcome these weaknesses, as well as increase traffic to our website. Seasonality will also impact our feasibility since a large portion of our target market attends Western University but leave for the summer months. . External Analysis: 2. 1 political: As of January 201 2, students across Ontario have begun receiving $1 ,600 annually from the provincial government, as part of an initiative to lower to tuition rates. This helps alleviate the financial stresses for students and also puts more disposable income back into their pockets, thus proving that female students will have increased means to rent dresses and pur chase other novelties. Transmutes’ are popularizing among environmental groups. These are individuals who value non-ownership for environmental and ethical reasons. The rhetoric behind this lies in the fact that â€Å"the more people share, the fewer goods need to be produced -? and fewer resources will be used up. † Therefore, dress rentals definitely cater to those consumers who will only use something when they truly need it. 2. 2 Economic: Due to rising university tuition rates, Western students on average have less disposable income and therefore increased pressure to spend their money wisely. Statistics Canada reported in 2008 that Canadian females between 16 ND 1 9 had an average income of $7,100 whereas females between 20 and 24 earned $15,100. If a student in either age cohort had to cover living and post- secondary expenses, they would have little or no money left for other expenditures. According to Western Statistics, approximately 681 9 bursaries, accounting for roughly $1 5 million were given to students requiring financial assistance. These statistics imply that many Western students are looking to economize and curb their spending habits in order to offset their debt from student loans. The population of females at Western is currently 13,990 females that have gig demand for fashionable dresses due to the ongoing social scene in London. The price of clothing has escalated in as many years due partially to increased commodity, labor, and shipping costs, as well as markups associated with name brands. You read "Campus Couture" in category "Papers" Consequently, consumers are finding it increasingly difficult to appear fashion forward at a reasonable price. On average, Western undergraduate students attend 6 to 8 major events per semester. 1 Provided that we can offer our clientele high quality dresses at a reasonable price, we aspire to take advantage of this opportunity and create successful business model that aligns with the needs of price sensitive Western University female students. . 3 social: Online shopping has also revolutionized over the past decade. According to Statistics Canada, in 2007 about 8. 4 million Canadian individuals aged 16 years and older used the Internet to make almost $12. 8 billion in purchases. By 2010, 113. 8 million orders were made by 1 1 2 million Canadians with a value of $15. 3 billi on. From 2007 to 2010, the percentage of online shoppers that used the Internet to purchase clothing, jewelry, and accessories rose from 29% to 36%. This positive correlation demonstrates an increasing trend of online consumers and an opportunity for Campus Couture to capture this market because a large age of these shoppers were females under the age of 30. Currently, 60% of Western students are female; this rising trend along with plans to for the University to admit larger first-year classes secures Campus Couture?s growing target audience. Overall, these conditions are very favorable for our company as there is clear evidence that our target market is steadily expanding, implying that Campus Couture will likely gain customers and increase profits over time. 2. Technological: Modern technological developments, like the Internet have increased the consumers access to information thus reducing time spent shopping and has made retail prices more competitive by shifting the power from suppliers to consumers. This transformation is forcing current businesses to review their current operations and marketing strategies to better accommodate consumer demands. Campus Couture believes that implementing modern information technology to target the budget-conscientious young female consumer and to fulfill their need for fashionable apparel can offer a competitive edge over our competitors. 3. Consumer Analysis: 3. 1 Market Research: In our survey (Exhibit 3, Exhibit), 63% of respondents were inclined to rent a dress while 32% indicated that the idea was not appealing to them. Many hesitated as they worried about cleanliness and unfamiliarity to the concept of dress rentals. Our results show that approximately 73% of respondents are either impartial, agree, or strongly agree to this concept. This indicates that if Campus Couture can successfully promote dress rentals as fashionable, economical, and sanitary to the masses, we will unleash potential for large sales volumes and high returns from this untapped market. In terms of pricing, 76% of females surveyed indicated that they would spend less than $1 00 and 55% would spend less than $70 on a dress for a special occasion, therefore implying that price is a determining factor for the typical consumer. Therefore, Campus Couture must rent out its dresses at competitive rates to appeal to a vast market In which some would prefer to purchase rather than rent. 3. 2 Target Market: Campus Couture targets young female students and professionals from the Western and London community, ages 1 8 to 25 years old, who are searching for fashionable higher-end formulae at affordable prices. Students are very social individuals, but they are also on a limited budget With pressure to dress well, they want to look great by wearing new dresses. Buying new dresses is extremely costly, which is why this demographic would be more inclined to rent. 4. Competitive Analysis: Although, there are no specific businesses that provide a similar service to either community, there are many direct and indirect competitors impeding on Campus Couture’s growth potential. 4. 1 Direct: Forever XIX: With 480 locations and revenue grossing over $2. Billion, Forever XIX is extremely popular among teen and young adult females and caters to an array of different styles at great value. In terms of marketing and promotion, Forever XIX has truly capitalized with its e-commerce venture. With Forever XIX opening up at Nashville Place in March 2012, Campus Couture could foresee immense competition from this clothing retailer. Forever XIX has far greater financial means to purchase inventory and t o market their product. They have the potential to capture a larger audience due to their variety of inventory and reasonable pricing. These factors could pose as a real threat to the success of Campus Couture. A drawback to their business model is that with lower pricing comes poorer quality. This brings out the traditional quantity versus quality debate, and Campus Couture would have to evaluate which is more important to the desired target market. Forever Xi’s dresses lie in the same price range as renting from Campus COUtUre’s designer ones, however online purchases incur corresponding shipping charges. SASS: SASS is a global fashion e-commerce website, located in the UK, which sells fashionable clothing and accessories internationally. With 7. 0 million registered users and 35,000 new products each season, SASS attracts a wide range of demographics, allowing the business to penetrate the global market. By offering free shipping worldwide, consumers are more likely to purchase, however there are a number of downfalls, Canadian customers are required to pay both HAST and duties, increasing the overall cost to the consumer. This also makes international returns more difficult, as the consumer will have to pay freight for the item(s) to be returned, which could be costly. In addition, this may even hinder the company’s potential for making sales, as skeptic consumers would be hesitant to order without previously seeing the quality of the clothing. The efficiency of the delivery service is essential to ensure that customers receive their products on time in order to maintain customer satisfaction. Campus Couture differs as we offer rentals for similar items, but with a limited inventory. Our inventory will focus on the needs of the London community, instead of the world market. With that said, we provide our Members the opportunity to have a personal fitting. In addition, Campus Couture will not have to bother with online payment security and delivery timings, as both will be handled in-store. And Ezra: Our market research relayed that H and Ezra were highly popular within our target market. Whereas, H has a flagship in London, Ezra, is only coated in Toronto. Many Western students are from the Toronto area and travel home frequently, thereby making Ezra a direct competitor. Both retailers have strong brand recognition and customer loyalty across Canada. H’s business concept is to give the customer unbeatable value by offering style and quality at a reasonable price. Ezra in comparison, concentrates on quality, design, and rapid turnaround. HM’s dresses retail between $20 and $60 whereas Ezra retails its dresses for $80 based on current website pricing. One weakness both of these companies share is their lack of an online store, while Campus Couture provides its consumers with the ability to reserve dresses online and on your phone. Oftentimes, customers find an item online and by the time they get to the store, the size or color of dress may be sold out. Overall, retailers who transition their marketing strategy to reflect technological trends will be better equipped to handle the the needs Of the modern consumer. Boutiques along Richmond Row: Richmond Row is home to various local apparel retailers in downtown London. Regardless of our partnership with Elliot, a local boutique (Exhibit 5), they would still remain indirect competitors as similar items would be arrested to the same audience. Price is a huge factor as Elliot has sizeable profit margins for it sales, however with increased competition and lower prices for the similar goods may result in a price war. Ultimately, Campus Couture will be able to overcome this form of competition due to its offering of a fundamentally different service. 4. 2 Indirect: High-End Departmental Stores High-end department stores including Holt Renew, Anemia Marcus, and Nordstrom provide designer apparel at high costs. These department stores target an older and wealthier demographic than students, who can afford to ay high premiums for higher quality. While many of these high-end stores ship to Canada, the costs associated with shipping makes these pieces virtually impossible for the average student to afford. Online Flash Sales: Online Luxury Flash Sales websites such as Beyond the Rack, Net-a-Porter, and The Peacock Parade are an up-and-coming trend in today’s technology- dependent world. Here, designers and retailers have their merchandise discounted between 50-70% of the original retail value. Sales are typically short (under 72 hours) and start at inconvenient times during the day. This sakes purchasing from these websites difficult and inconvenient for students with busy schedules. Flash sales have limited selection, so specific styles may not be available. Most of these websites have headquarters in the States, adding shipping costs to the original purchase price. 5. Four Up’s 5. 1 Product: We offer a dress rental service in London Ontario, where consumers can browse our inventory online and reserve dresses, then allowing them to come in before their event to try on the dress and pay for the rental. 5. 2 Placement: We chose to place our business in the North London borough because Of its rigidity to Western University and college population, who are looking for the latest trends and outfits to present themselves in. The area is known for student housing, and therefore is more convenient for them to walk to in comparison to either mall or the downtown core. We believe that being located in close proximity to campus is advantageous as there are no other clothing retailers in the area, unlike the competition we would have faced from retailers along Richmond Row or in Nashville. 5. 3 price: While finalizing our inventory, the costs associated were taken into account in order to set the rental fees. The rental price represents 30 to 35% of the original retail price, therefore we will be able to generate a return on our investment after three rentals. This value is reasonable enough that consumers would still be inclined to rent rather than purchase a dress from elsewhere. As a start-up, we did not want to take too big of a risk. Since the business concept is unfamiliar to a large portion of our demographic, high initial promotional costs are necessary to inform and penetrate the market. Afterwards, Campus Couture can rely on the social behavior of the demographic to steadily build our customer base in years to mom. . 4 Promotion: In order to reach out to our clientele, we aim to incorporate a pull strategy, using a variety of social media outlets, promotional events and incentives, and personal selling strategies in an attempt to build up consumer demand for high-end designer dress rentals. Promotional Campaign: Social Media (Exhibit 6) The 18 to 25 cohort represents the highest consumers of social networking and the Internet. Social media outlets including, Faceable has made girls more vigilant to keep up with fashion trends and to have an extensive wardrobe for every occasion. Nowadays, girls are self-conscious about rearing the same outfit repeatedly, fearful that someone might remember. Due to these societal pressures, females have resorted to online retail browsing and shopping for clothing and accessories. With Campus Couture on all major networking sites: Faceable, Twitter, and Pinsetters, we can inform our customers about the latest trends and what is new at Campus Couture, enabling our clientele to interact with us, and even see how other clients are wearing Campus Couture. This will positively influence our company’s image, as one that cares about its clientà ¨le’s needs before their special event. Mobile Application (Exhibit 7) Imagine Campus Couture, at your fingertips. Our mobile application can be downloaded onto your Blackberry, phone, or Android to see the latest in trends and new in-stock items, and book fittings. This will allow girls who wait until the eleventh hour to reserve a dress at any time. With that said, the mobile application is expected to be of greatest utility to customers for those always on-the-go. It will also enhance accessibility to our catalogue and overall business, further inclining potential customers to use our service. Undoubtedly, the greatest asset we can gain by using the mobile application s ensuring Campus Couture’s constant presence in customers’ lives. Viral Youth Campaign With today’s youth constantly viewing, posting, and sharing Youth videos all over the social media circuit, Campus Couture has the opportunity to be recognized quickly, without incurring the cost of airing pricey television commercials. By filming a video that highlights Campus Couture’s brand power and competitive advantage, we can influence students to share the video. In turn, they will be personally selling Campus Couture to their social circles without even realizing that they are doing it. This will elevate inquiries, ND with proper sales training within the Campus Couture team, this will result in increased volumes of rentals, equating to higher gross revenue as well as a higher return on our initial investment. Print Advertising and Word of Mouth (Exhibit 8) Print advertising is a promising technique as it catches the attention of many students while walking around campus. With posters up in areas of high traffic, students will be able to familiarize themselves with Campus Couture. These advertisements will be concentrated in locations with the highest prevalence Of our target market in order to garner their attention. Launch Party: The executive of Campus Couture, Inc. Will be working closely with the George Boatswains, Resident DC of Cobra London to organize a launch party and Fashion Show on Friday September 14th, 2012. With upwards of 500 attendees, we hope to make our mark on the Western and London community by selling advance tickets to the event for $10. Advance ticket sales will be a key marketing strategy to spread word out about Campus Couture to all social circles across the campus community. All revenues generated would be paid to Cobra London. The launch party will promote our business, while the Fashion Show will best exhibit Campus Couture’s collection to the female demographic. This will be coordinated in part with Blackbirds Salon and Spas, who have donated their time and expertise into making this event a great success. Our team will be able to personally sell Campus Couture to our target market, while promoting to the masses. . Internal Analysis 6. 1 Operations: Operations will commence on September 1st, 2012 with promotions, leading up to our launch party on September 14th, inaugurating the business. In order to use the site, a customer must make an account (Exhibit 9). Members can search through different dresses by style, color, size, or price. In addition, the calendar widget displays the availability of each d ress. This calendar will mark off the dates that the dress has been booked for, the size, and the event she will be wearing it to, allowing other customers to skim through dresses efficiently. This also ensures that no two people will be renting out the same dress for the same event. Once the customer has decided on a dress, they will book a fitting appointment, where Campus Couture will hold onto two sizes of any one dress for the customer, ensuring a proper fit. Once they have been fitted, the client will choose whether to proceed with the rental. Our storefront provides them access to browse through other dresses. If they choose another dress, we would ensure that it was not previously on hold for another customer and that it was clean and undamaged. How to cite Campus Couture, Papers

Incident At Bhopal Essay Example For Students

Incident At Bhopal Essay Toexamine the events contributing to the tragedy at Bhopal, India and theirrepercussions and to draw conclusions based on these events. WhatHappened at Bhopal? Reading newspaper and magazine articles written immediatelyfollowing the events at Bhopal, it is apparent that it took some time forauthorities to determine the causes of the industrial accident. Speculationseems to have run wild for a time following the accident. Drawing from laterstatistics and information seems to be a more reliable method of determining themost likely scenario. Where various alternate feasible possibilities have beenpresented, we will try to include the most likely. At approximately midnight onDecember 3, 1984, an unexpected chemical reaction took place in a Union Carbideof India Limited storage tank. The storage tank contained methyl isocyanate,(hereafter referred to as MIC) a toxic gas used in the process of a pesticidecalled Sevin.(1) As part of the distilling process there was an extremely highconcentr ation of chloroform present. This caused corrosion of the tank. The tankbeing made of iron provided a catalyst for the reaction. A large amount of waterwas also introduced, approximately 120-240 gallons, which in combination withthe chemical, generated enough heat to start the reaction. The runaway reactionreleased an uncontrollable amount of heat and this resulted in 30-40 tons of thegas being vaporized and spread over approximately 30 square miles, killingthousands of people and injuring hundreds of thousands.(2) The lack ofinformation on MIC in 1984 made it a very toxic and difficult to controlsubstance, according to Meryl H. Karol of the University of PittsburghsGraduate School of Public Health. He says, Although nominally a liquid atroom temperature, methyl isocyanate evaporates so quickly from an open containerthat it easily turns into a colorless, odorless highly flammable and reactivegas I would hesitate having it in a laboratory. He also quotes the OHSAstandard for exposure to MIC during an eight-hour day as 0.02 parts per million,far lower than what many Bhopal residents were exposed to.(3) THE HEALTHAFFECTS of exposure to MIC is disastrous. At low levels, MIC causes eyes towater and results in damage to the cornea. At higher concentrations, musclesconstrict, and the bronchial passages have the equivalent of a severe asthmaattack.(3) Most of the deaths in India were due to this. Dr. Jeffrey P. Koplan,Assistant Director of Public Health Practice at the Centers for Disease Controlin Atlanta, who went to Bhopal to render assistance, said, There was edema,substantial destructionof alveolar walls, a ulcerative bronchiolus among patients at the severely crowded hospitals.(4) Serious damage to thecentral nervous system after three to four weeks, including paralysis, andpsychological problems have also been a result.(3) The long-term affects of MICexposure are equally disastrous. According to the Indian Council of MedicalResearch, at least 50,000 people are still suffering and new chronic cases ofasthma keep showing up as the population ages and 39% of the surroundingpopulation have some form of severe respiratory impairment.(5) Most of them willsuffer for the rest of their lives.(6) It is a conservative estimate that 5people die every week as a result of the Bhopal accident.(7) Anotherconsideration is that in a social class that maintains a living through physicallabor, inability to perform results in starvation.(8) Affects on women wereprofound. Out of 198 women living within 10 miles of the facility, 100 hadabnormal uterine bleeding.(1,5) Of the local women who were pregnant before theaccident, 43% mi scarried and 14% of the babies carried to term died within amonth. Socially, these women are considered unwanted by potential husbandsbecause reproductive disorders are so commonplace that they are seen assterile.(5) It is unknown whether chromosomal damage will affect futuregenerations.(8) TOTAL EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT are not yet known. Approximately 1,600 animals died on the first and second days after theincident. This was a terrible environmental health risk. Eventually this problemwas solved by digging a giant one-acre mass grave. There was also damage to somevegetation, animal and fish species, but not to others. The Indian Council ofAgricultural Research is studying this.(1) A VARIETY OF FAILURES werecontributing factors in this lethal cloud of chemicals descending on thehelpless, uninformed public. These failures include design failures, maintenancefailures, operations failures, emergency response failures, communicationsfailures, governmental failures and last but not least management failures. In1982, a safety audit by the Union Carbide parent company revealed a number ofsafety problems. The conditions that did not measure up were problems with themanual controls of the MIC feed tank, unreliable gauges and valves, andinsufficient training of the operators. The Union Carbide of India divisionclaimed to have fixed all of these, but management never had auditors go backand confirm. Another inherent problem is that the storage tanks were too large. Legalize Marijuana misc EssayThe World Bank insists that projects receiving its loans comply with safetystandards. This includes complying with safer processes to replace morehazardous ones.(13) In 1985, Dr. Gareth Green of Johns Hopkins UniversitySchool of Public Health and Hygiene, remarked to the Journal of the AmericanMedical Association, I think we need more knowledge about the location andquantities of hazardous substances around the country. There needs to bedeveloped plans for dealing with problems should they occur.(4) Dr. Greencould not have foreseen the future any more clearly if he were psychic. It tookawhile, but in 1992, OSHA enacted the Process Safety Management Standard. PSMcovers such planning. IT MAY BE CONCLUDED that chemical process plants should belocated nowhere near residential areas, whether in the U.S. or abroad. Strategicsite location could have eliminated the occurrence at Bhopal almost entirely. The United Nations should have an equivalent department serving an OSHA-likefunction in third-world countries, with trade sanctions imposed on those who donot comply. The U.N. has been involved in many less humanitarian venturesrecently. Why not something purely protective in nature? It may also beconcluded that the value American chemical companies place on human life dependslargely on where the person lives and the penalties involved when lives arelost. BibliographyAvoiding Future Bhopals: In the Aftermath of Catastrophe, What Can We LearnFrom Historys Worst Industrial Accident? ENVIRONMENT, Vol. 27, Sept 1985,p. 6-13. (2)Environmental Surprise: Expecting the Unexpected. Kates,William. ENVIRONMENT, Vol. 38, March 1996, p. 6-7. (3)Fallout From a ChemicalCatastrophe. Peterson, Ivar. SCIENCE NEWS, Vol. 126, Dec 15, 1984, p. 372. (4)After Coping With Crisis, Medicine Ponders Sequelae. Marwick, Dr. Charles. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, Vol. 253, April 12, 1985. (5)Persistently Toxic: The Union Carbide Accident In Bhopal Continues toHarm. Mukerjee, Modhusree. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, Vol. 272, June 1995, p. 16. (6)The Fallout From Bhopal. Lepkowski, William. SCIENCE DIGEST. Vol. 94,Jan 1986, p. 52. (7)Union Carbide Officials Face Prosecution. Kumar,Sanjay. NEW SCIENTIST, Vol. 138, May 1, 1993, p. 8. (8)BHOPAL: 15thAnniversary. WWW.Corpwatch.org/Bhopal. (9)Bhopal: The Lesson Sinks In. THE ECONOMIST, Vol. 295, June 22, 1985, p. 91. (10)Permanent Scars of theBhopal Catastrophe. DISCOVER. Vol. 7, April 1986, p. 9. (11)What We CanLearn From Bhopal.Speth, James. ENVIRONMENT, Vol. 27, Jan/Feb 1985, p 15. (12)Gassed in Bhopal. THE ECONOMIST, Vol. 293, Dec 15, 1984, p. 12-14. (13)Poisoned Legacy. THE ECONOMIST, Vol. 293, Dec 15, 1984, p. 77-78. (14)Union Carbide; Not Us. THE ECONOMIST, Vol. 294, March 23, 1985, p. 78-79. (15)New Labor Report on Bhopal Plant. ENVIRONMENT, Vol. 27, Sept. 1985, p. 23. (16)Bhopal: Ten Years On. THE ECONOMIST, Vol. 333, Dec 1994,p. 78-79. Environment

Banduras Social Cognitive Theory free essay sample

Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory The social-cognitive theory proposed by Albert Bandura (1925- ) has become the most influential theory of learning and development. It considers that people learn from one another, including such concepts as observational learning, imitation, and modeling. This theory explains human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences.The four-step pattern of observational learning consists of: (1) Attention, must be aware of the model; (2) Retention, ability of storing information which can be pulled up later and acted on; (3) Reproduction, must replicate the modeled behavior at some time; and (4) Motivation, must have some desire to perform modeled behavior. Bandura’s theory improves upon the behavioral interpretation of modeling provided by Miller and Dollard (1941). Bandura’s work is related to the theories of Vygotsky and Lave which emphasizes the central role of social learning. Classroom AspectsSocial-cognitive theory provides a foundation for improving students’ learning in the classroom. Students should be provided with models that the teacher expects them to learn. More specifically, instruction should support students’ engagement in each of the four-step pattern of observational learning. Students pay more attention to skills and materials if they are personally related to their own experiences. Students’ intention can be facilitated by using graphic organizers and other learning strategies. Teachers should support the motivational aspects by using rewards and punishments. This will shape the students’ behavior when they are provided either to the learner or to a model. To improve motivation, teachers should model attitudes that they want students to adopt such as being interested in the material. Instruction should help students to see the learning leads to personally value and or important outcomes. Students must know if they complete learning tasks successfully, the outcomes they achieve are meaningful or worthy. To encourage these beliefs, teachers’ must create lessons that emphasize real-life situations and pertain to the students’ experiences.Also, instruction should be designed to help students develop self-efficacy for learning. Most simply, the tasks should be less challenging so that students’ are able to perform and make progress. According to social-cognitive theory, all students should be supported in becoming self-regulated learners. Students should set task-specific goals which will help them invent strategies that help with achieving objectives. After implementing strategies, they monitor and adjust their progress, and finally, they use motivational strategies to keep them on task when they become frustrated or encounter difficulties.Self-regulated learners must be flexible and not do tasks all at once. Clinical Aspects Dysfunctional behavior â€Å"fits the social-cognitive theory of Bandura because the reciprocal determinism of environment, cognition, and behavior create maladaptive behavior, just as they can produce psychologically well-adjusted behavior† (Bandura, 2011). Bandura’s social-cognitive theory was developed while studying methods to eliminate or eradicate phobias in patients. A phobia is an irrational fear to an object. The individual knows that this fear is irrational, but that does not decrease the negative affect associated with the phobic object or situation. Phobia’s can be chronic if never faced. The nature of the phobia causes the person to avoid any situation which might involve exposure to phobic stimuli. Phobias may be acquired through observational learning as well. For example, child who hears their parents talking about frightening experiences with bugs, heights, darkness, insects, or doctors may develop similar fears themselves.Frightening experiences set the stage for phobias and are often called social phobias. A social phobia often run in families and develops during childhood. Researchers suggest social phobias may also be accompanied by depression or alcoholism. Treatment methods The most commonly used technique for reducing phobic reactions is systematic desensitization. Systematic desensitization is a type of â€Å"behavioral therapy, more specifically, a type of Pavlovian therapy/classical conditioning therapy developed by Joseph Wolfe† (Wikipedia, 2011). To begin his therapy, the individual must be taught relaxation skills in order to decrease fear responses to a specific phobia. Once the individual has been taught these skills, they must use them to react or overcome situations in an established hierarchy of fears. The initial goal is for the â€Å"individual to learn to cope or overcome the fear in each step of the hierarchy, which will lead to overcoming the last step of the fear in the hierarchy† (Wikipedia, 2011). The first component of systematic desensitization is for a therapist to teach the individual cognitive strategies to de al with fears. This is necessary because it helps with controlling the individuals fear, rather than it building up to were it becomes unbearable. Relaxation techniques such as meditation, breathing exercises, and cognitive reappraisal are three coping strategies that will help an individual deal with phobias. The second component of systematic desensitization is to gradually expose the individual to the feared objects or situations. The therapist will begin by asking the individual to develop a fear hierarchy, listing how unpleasant the various types of exposures are.For example, seeing a picture of spiders in a magazine might be rated 5 out of 100, while having several spiders crawl on one’s arms would be the most fearful experience possible. Once the individual has practiced their relaxation technique, the therapist will then present the individual with a picture, and help them calm down. The therapist would then present unpleasant situations like spiders in a box in another room, a box w ith a clear view of the spiders in the same room, touching the spiders, etc. After the individual as reach each step of progression, the individual is desensitized to the phobia through the use of coping technique. They then realize that nothing will happen to them, and the fear gradually extinguishes. Bandura’s Therapy Bandura believes that there are several types of treatments that will help an individual cope with the fear of objects or situations. First, overt or vicarious modeling is having the individual observe other individuals successfully modeling the behavior to be adopted. Second, covert or cognitive modeling is mostly done through visualization.The therapist has the individual image the modeling behavior before attempting it. Third, enactive mastery is performing behaviors which provoke feelings of anxiety and worry. â€Å"Lastly, all three of these treatments can be included in the systematic desensitization treatment which attempts to reduce the phobic reactions to a less debilitating† (Bandura, 2011). Bandura believes that phobias can be cured through cognitive mediation. This will be done by increasing self-efficacy which will help individuals deal with phobic situations in the future. ConclusionIn conclusion, Bandura’s social cognitive theory has been very effective in the classroom, in clinical aspects, and in treating phobic behaviors. Researchers suggest that this theory is learned by observing and imitating others. Future research should focus on self-regulated learning and curing phobic behaviors which will increase self-efficacy. References Bandura, A. (2011). Social Cognitive Theory. Retrieved from http://www. rpi. edu/bandura. htm Systematic Desensitization. (2011). Retrieved from Wikipedia, the free online encyclopedia. www. wikipedia. org/wiki/systematic_desensitization